Dryden is Both Typical and Universal  in “Absalom and Achitophel,”

Answer

 In “Absalom and Achitophel,” Dryden is both typical and universal. Discuss. Or How do “Absalom and Achitophel” transcend the typical interest?

John Dryden’s (1631-1700) “Absalom and Achitophel” (1681) is a masterful political satire. The poem uses biblical allegory to comment on the political turmoil of Dryden’s time, specifically the Exclusion Crisis and the Monmouth Rebellion. Through his portrayal of characters and events, Dryden captures both the specific issues of his day. Here are key points that illustrate how Dryden’s work is both typical of its time and universally relevant.

Historical Context: The poem was written during a specific historical period, the late 17th century. It was written as a political allegory. It reflects the events of the Exclusion Crisis in England. This age saw political turmoil and tensions surrounding the succession to the throne. This historical context provides a typical background for the poem, as it draws inspiration from a specific moment in time. Dryden draws parallels between the biblical story of King David and the contemporary political landscape.  

Political Allegory – Reflecting the Times: “Absalom and Achitophel” is typical of Dryden’s time in its use of allegory to comment on contemporary politics. The poem uses the biblical story of Absalom’s rebellion against his father, King David. This mirrors the real-life Exclusion Crisis in England, where there was a movement to exclude James II from the throne.

Absalom, ambitious of the crown, 

Was made the lure to draw the people down.

This line directly parallels the Duke of Monmouth (Absalom) and his ambition. It reflects the political climate of Dryden’s England. 

Universal Themes of Ambition and Betrayal: Despite its specific historical context, the poem addresses universal themes such as ambition and betrayal, which resonate across time. Absalom’s betrayal of his father, David, powerfully represents the dangers of unchecked ambition. Dryden says,

How fatal ’tis to be too good a king!

This line captures the universal struggle of rulers to maintain power in the face of betrayal by those they trust. 

Moral and Ethical Dilemmas: Dryden explores moral and ethical dilemmas that are universal. David’s struggle to balance mercy and justice reflects the broader human conflict between compassion and the need to uphold order. David’s inclination to forgive highlights the universal moral challenge of whether to show mercy or seek justice. This dilemma is relevant in any era. It makes the poem’s themes timeless.

Divine Right of Kings Dryden’s affirmation of the divine right of kings is typical of his time. This reflects the contemporary belief in the monarch’s God-given authority. However, it also addresses a universal question about the legitimacy of political power. Dryden writes, 

Th’ Almighty, nodding, gave consent; 

And peals of thunder shook the firmament.

This imagery emphasizes the divine approval of David’s (and thus Charles II’s) rule. It reinforces the idea that legitimate power comes from a higher authority.

The Importance of Loyalty: The theme of loyalty is central to the poem and universally significant. Dryden praises the loyal followers of David. This highlights the value of steadfastness and faithfulness in both personal and political relationships.

A small but faithful band 

Of worthies, in the breach who dar’d to stand.

This depiction of loyal supporters emphasizes the timeless virtue of loyalty. In any era, loyalty is seen as crucial to maintaining stable relationships and governance.

In “Absalom and Achitophel,” John Dryden masterfully blends typical elements of his time with universal themes that continue to resonate. It offers readers a profound reflection of the 17th century. This makes “Absalom and Achitophel” a remarkable work that is both of its time and timeless.