Dryden’s Art of Characterization in  “Absalom and Achitophel.”

Answer

Discuss Dryden’s art of characterization in  “Absalom and Achitophel.” 

“Absalom and Achitophel” (1681) by John Dryden (1631-1700) is a political satire in heroic poem form. Using biblical characters, Dryden criticized contemporary political figures and events during King Charles II’s reign. His skillful characterization brings depth and distinctiveness to each figure. It makes the poem memorable and impactful.

The Charismatic Prince-Absalom: In Dryden’s poem, Absalom represents the Duke of Monmouth, Charles II’s illegitimate son. Absalom is shown as a handsome, brave, and charming young man. The people love him for his heroic and virtuous qualities. His good looks and natural leadership make the public see him as a potential king. Dryden writes about Absalom:

And seemed as he were only born for love.

This shows how he was admired for his achievements and ability to make peace. It makes him seem destined for love and leadership. However, his weaknesses are also mentioned. Despite his virtues, Absalom is easily influenced by flattery and manipulation, especially by Achitophel. 

The Master Manipulator-Achitophel: Achitophel refers to the Earl of Shaftesbury. He is a clever and ambitious character. He uses his smarts and persuasive talk to control others. He appeals to Absalom’s desire for power and praise. Achitophel does not mind playing tricks, and he is very dangerous. He plans plots and convinces others to help him. Dryden shows how ambition, betrayal, and power can change people through Achitophel’s actions. Dryden says about him,

Of these the false Achitophel was first;

…………………………………………………………..

For close designs and crooked counsels fit,

Sagacious, bold, and turbulent of wit.

The Just Ruler-King David: King David represents King Charles II. He is shown as a wise and fair ruler. Despite past mistakes, he genuinely cares for his people and kingdom. His patience and sense of duty make him a good king. This contrasts with the rebellious Absalom and cunning Achitophel. He highlights David’s legitimacy. The poet says,

And, David’s mildness manag’d it so well,

The bad found no occasion to rebel.

The Flawed Opportunist-Zimri: Zimri represents the Duke of Buckingham. Dryden portrays him as reckless and inconsistent. He is driven by personal ambition and acts impulsively. He is unreliable and often changes loyalties for personal gain. Through Zimri, Dryden criticizes the political intrigue in the poem.

In the first rank of these did Zimri stand;

A man so various, that he seemed to be

Not one, but all mankind’s epitome.

The Easily Swayed Crowd: In “Absalom and Achitophel,” Dryden shows how the masses are easily swayed and unreliable. Dryden says about them,

No king could govern, nor no God could please.

Persuasive leaders like Achitophel manipulate public opinion. The people’s blind admiration for Absalom, despite his flaws, highlights the dangers of following charismatic figures without thinking. This criticizes the unpredictability of popular support.

Dryden’s Mastery in Characterization: By choosing these characters and linking them to biblical figures, Dryden makes his political points more powerful and easier for his readers to understand. He uses familiar stories from the Bible to comment on the contemporary political situation. It shows the dangers of rebellion and the wisdom of loyal leadership. He sketches the characters vividly in the poem.

In conclusion, his skillful portrayal of these characters brings the poem to life. They provide a sharp commentary on the political situation of 17th-century England. Dryden’s fine characterizations make “Absalom and Achitophel” a timeless work.