Identify the Political Personages in the poem “Absalom and Achitophel.”

Answer

Identify the political personages in the poem “Absalom and Achitophel.”

John Dryden’s (1631-1700) poem “Absalom and Achitophel” (1681) is a brilliant satire. The poem uses biblical characters to represent accurate political figures in 17th-century England. Dryden criticizes the political turmoil of his time, notably the Exclusion Crisis. The Exclusion Crisis is planned to exclude James II, Duke of York, from the throne due to his Catholic faith.

Key Political Personages

King David, who represents King Charles II

Description: He is a kind and merciful ruler. He has no legitimate male heir. He faces rebellion from within his kingdom but remains steadfast and just. Dryden says about his situation,

How fatal ’tis to be too good a king!

Absalom, who resembles James Scott, Duke of Monmouth.

Description: He is David’s favourite illegitimate son. He is handsome and ambitious. He is persuaded to rebel against his father but struggles with the moral implications. Dryden says about him,

Absalom, ambitious of the crown, 

Was made the lure to draw the people down.

Achitophel, the actual presentation of Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury.

Description: He is a cunning and ambitious counsellor. He seeks to overthrow David (Charles II) by manipulating Absalom (Monmouth) and exploiting public dissatisfaction.

David’s Brother, representing James II, Duke of York

Description: He is the legitimate heir to the throne after David. His potential ascension is a point of argument. This is the driving force behind the plot to elevate Absalom.

Corah, representing Titus Oates

Description: He is a deceitful priest who plays a significant role in the plot against David. He is known for his false accusations and manipulation.

Shimei, displaying Slingsby Bethel

Description: He is a corrupt magistrate. He uses his position to harm David’s supporters. He symbolizes dishonest political manipulation.

Zimri, who appears for George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham

Description: He is a “buffoon”(clown) figure. He dabbles in various professions. He represents a minor but disruptive influence in the political landscape.

The Pharaoh, representing Louis XIV of France

Description: He pretends to support David but seeks to exploit him. He symbolizes untrustworthy foreign alliances.

Jonas, who represents Sir William Jones

Description: He is a legal manipulator and a member of Parliament. He supports the rebellion. He represents those who twist laws for political gain.

Barzillai, representing James Butler, Duke of Ormond

Description: A loyal and trusted supporter of David, he was with him during his exile, symbolizing unwavering loyalty.

Zadock, who represents William Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury

Description: A high priest and loyal supporter of David. He represents religious support for the king.

Sagan of Jerusalem, appearing for Henry Compton, Bishop of London

Description: He is a loyal priest who supports David. He symbolizes the steadfastness of the church.

In “Absalom and Achitophel,” Dryden masterfully uses these characters to reflect the political figures of his time. He provides a rich commentary on the moral questions of 17th-century England. Through his allegorical description, Dryden not only entertains but also educates his readers on the complexities of political ambition and loyalty.