Why does Thoreau think that conscience rather than the majority should govern the state?

Answer

Question: Why does Thoreau think that conscience rather than the majority should govern the state?

Henry David Thoreau (1817-62) was an American essayist, poet, and philosopher who wrote extensively about the importance of individual freedom and the role of the government in society.  His essay “Civil Disobedience” (1849) passionately argues for the supremacy of conscience over majority rule in governing the state. Thoreau believed that the conscience, or the innate sense of right and wrong that exists within each individual, should be the guiding force in how a society is governed rather than the majority opinion. 

Conscience is a Higher Authority Than the Majority: Thoreau argued that conscience is a higher authority than the majority because it is rooted in the individual’s own sense of morality and ethics. He believed that individuals have an innate sense of what is right and wrong and that this sense should be the foundation for all laws and government policies. Thoreau questions the legitimacy of governmental authority when it conflicts with individual conscience. Thoreau challenges the notion that blind obedience to authority is virtuous. He asserts that individuals have a duty to resist unjust laws.  He advises, 

“If the tax-gatherer, or any other public officer, asks me… my answer is, ‘If you really wish to do anything, resign your office.'” 

Majority Rule Can Lead to Injustice: Thoreau believed that majority rule can lead to injustice, especially when the majority imposes its will on a minority. He argued that the majority can be misguided or influenced by self-interest and that this can lead to the oppression of minority groups. Thoreau argues that minority voices are often dismissed or marginalized in society, but they possess the power to effect change when they act in accordance with their conscience. He states, 

“A minority is powerless while it conforms to the majority”

Conscience Promotes Individual Responsibility: Thoreau believed that following one’s conscience promotes individual responsibility and accountability. He argued that individuals should be responsible for their own actions and decisions