Who are the Metaphysical Poets? Evaluate their contribution to English literature. 

The metaphysical poets were a group of 17th-century English writers known for their complex and intellectual style. Elaborate metaphors, unusual comparisons, and deep exploration of philosophical and spiritual themes mark their work. The term “Metaphysical Poets” was coined by Samuel Johnson (1709 – 1784). He noted their tendency to mingle thoughts and feelings in their poetry. Eliot praises them in his essay “The Metaphysical Poetry”. He says they (Metaphysical Poets) tried and often succeeded in expressing their states of mind and feeling inappropriate words and imagery.

Here, we explore the contributions of key figures to English literature, such as John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell, Richard Crashaw, Henry Vaughan, Abraham Cowley, and John Cleveland.

John Donne (1572-1631): Donne is known for his striking and original metaphors, such as the comparison of two lovers to the two legs of a compass in “A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning.” He says,

If they be two, they are two so

   As stiff twin compasses are two;

Thy soul, the fixed foot, makes no show

   To move, but doth, if the other do

His work often mingles the sacred and the secular. It reflects his career as both a poet and a cleric. This duality is evident in “Holy Sonnets” and “Songs and Sonnets.” Donne’s poems explore various dimensions of love—romantic, physical, and divine. His famous line from “The Canonization” reveals this theme.

For God’s sake hold your tongue, and let me love.

George Herbert (1593-1633): Herbert’s poetry is deeply spiritual and reflects his devout Christian faith. Works like “The Temple” illustrate his religious attitude. He often uses symbols and metaphors to express his faith and inner struggles, such as in the poem “Easter Wings.” Unlike Donne, Herbert’s language is simpler and more direct, making his profound religious insights accessible.

Andrew Marvell (1621-1678): Marvell’s poetry often touches on political themes and events of his time. It reflects his role as a politician. Poems like “To His Coy Mistress” explore themes of love and the passage of time with vivid imagery and convincing arguments. In “To His Coy Mistress,” he uses hyperbolic and convincing arguments about love and time:

But at my back I always hear 

Time’s wingèd chariot hurrying near.

Marvell’s work also includes satirical elements. He uses wit to criticize society and politics, as seen in “The Character of Holland.”

Richard Crashaw (1613-1649): Crashaw’s poetry is characterized by intense religious spirit and mysticism. It reflects his Catholic faith. Crashaw’s passionate devotion to God is evident in his poems’ emotional depth and intensity. His religious experiences and mystical visions are found in the poem  “The Flaming Heart.” Crashaw used vivid sensory imagery to produce powerful emotional responses from readers. In “The Flaming Heart,” he describes Saint Teresa’s (St Teresa of Avila) spiritual experiences with vivid imagery. He says about her,

 O thou undaunted daughter of desires!

Henry Vaughan (1621-1695): Vaughan’s poetry often connects nature with divine revelation, as in his poems “The World.” He used nature as a symbol of divine presence and spiritual renewal. Vaughan was heavily influenced by Donne, particularly in his use of metaphysical conceits and spiritual themes. Vaughan’s thoughtful tone gives his poetry a reflective quality.

Abraham Cowley (1618-1667): Cowley was known for his versatility. He writes in various forms, including odes, elegies, and epic poetry. His work contains many metaphysical elements, such as complex metaphors and philosophical themes. Cowley skillfully combined wit with serious reflection. He adapted/modified the Pindaric ode to English poetry, influencing later poets. Cowley’s elegies and odes, like “On the Death of Mr. William Hervey,” highlight his skill in expressing deep personal and universal themes. In “The Wish,” he expresses a hope for a simple, peaceful life. He says,

Thus let me live, unseen, unknown.

John Cleveland (1613-1658): Cleveland was a master of political satire. He uses his poetry to satirize and mock political figures and events. His sharp wit and clever use of language made his poetry memorable and impactful. Like other metaphysical poets, Cleveland used complex conceits to explore abstract ideas. His poetry offers valuable insights into the cultural and political climate of his time. Cleveland also wrote Royalist news books such as “Mercurius Pragmaticus” for King Charles II.

In termination, the metaphysical poets transformed English poetry with their inventive use of language, profound themes, and the blending of intellect and emotion. Each poet contributed uniquely. Their legacy continues to inspire and challenge readers and writers.